Suning bankruptcy and Zhang Jindong curtain call
Entering the month and year, the Suning Group experienced a "seismic shift," with its core companies—Suning Appliance Group Co., Ltd., Suning Holding Group Co., Ltd., and Suning Real Estate Group Co., Ltd.—entering bankruptcy reorganization proceedings. Let's take a closer look at this matter.
Who went bankrupt?
苏宁系的核心公司,本来是4家——苏宁电器集团:母公司;苏宁易购:核心电器零售业务;苏宁控股:投资管理;苏宁置业:房地产。
4家公司中,3家进入破产重整程序——苏宁电器集团,张近东持股50%。苏宁控股,张近东与其子张康阳合计控股100%。苏宁置业,张近东持股55%,张康阳持股8.5%,苏宁电器集团持股36.4%。
与3家进入破产重整程序的公司相比,作为苏宁系核心业务所在——未进入破产重整的苏宁易购,情况比较特殊。苏宁易购是上市公司,因亏损“戴帽”获称:“ST易购”。随着苏宁系在2020年后陷入资金困境,张近东被迫出售苏宁易购股份,接受股份稀释。于是,在今天的苏宁易购股权结构中,张近东及一致行动人持股比例为17.7%,苏宁控股持股2.75%,苏宁电器集团持股1.4%。苏宁易购持股最高比例为阿里系的杭州灏月企业管理有限公司:20.09%。另外,江苏新新零售创新基金二期(有限合伙)持股比例17.4%,江苏新新零售创新基金(有限合伙)持股比例5.61%。由于股权分散,就有了“苏宁易购没有实控人”的说法。综上所述,用一种不太准确的说法概括,本次苏宁3家公司破产重组,实际上是张近东控股的那一部分苏宁进入破产重整。苏宁易购,作为苏宁核心中的核心,已经不是张近东的苏宁,而是公众的苏宁,在破产前被剥离了出来。
Why is this happening?
凡事皆有来龙去脉。在苏宁陷入困境之后,国资给予了苏宁多种方式的救助,如——股权注资:2021年5月,江苏省、南京市国资联合成立新新零售创新基金,出资31.82亿元收购苏宁易购5.59%股权;同年7月,江苏省、南京市国资联合成立新新零售创新基金二期,规模88.25亿元,联合阿里、小米、海尔、美的等产业资本,收购苏宁易购16.96%股份。信托与AMC纾困:2023年10月,中信信托与中国华融协同实施苏宁纾困项目,预计期限为10年,规模上限为50亿元。银行授信支持:江苏省、南京市通过协调成立联合授信委员会等方式,给予苏宁信贷支持。……
苏宁是南京,乃至江苏非常重要的企业之一,多次入围世界500强,其生存关系着江苏省约10万人就业,对当地经济有着重大意义。正如有关评论指出,对苏宁的救助,体现了地方经济“保主体、稳就业、护产业链”的思路。而如此思路,也使得救助,集中在了苏宁易购身上。救助的代价之一,是张近东在苏宁易购的股权稀释以及苏宁易购股权结构的进一步多元化与社会化——苏宁易购被从张近东手中剥离了出来。从苏宁电器集团财报可见,其营业收入2021年为1025.30亿元,而2022年则缩减至130.05亿元;商品零售,2021年为903亿元,2022年则缩减至1.4亿元。可知2022年,苏宁电器集团已将苏宁易购从财报报表中摘除。另一方面,苏宁电器集团的资产负债率不断攀升:2020年75.78%、2021年89.66%、2022年95.24%,2023年107.62%。在2023年财报中,苏宁电器集团的收入构成:87.34%为房地产收入,4.71%为酒店餐饮客房,3.73%为物业管理,其他业务为4.14%。也就是说,到了2023年,苏宁电器集团、苏宁控股、苏宁置业3家公司与苏宁易购就已经成为了两部分。值得注意的是,2023年12月,也就是在2021年7月张近东主动申请辞去苏宁易购董事长职务两年之后,重回苏宁易购。2023年12月26日,在苏宁33周年生日之际,张近东发表了一封内部全员信。信的内容主要是激励员工。之后一年,也就是2024年,苏宁易购的主要任务是实现盈利。这应该也是张近东出山的目的所在。果然,一年之后,苏宁易购实现了扭亏为盈,而伴随着这一消息,则是苏宁易购之外的苏宁系3家核心公司进入破产重整。我们不知道,是不是张近东重出江湖的那一天,今日破产重整的剧本就已经写好,但可以确定,今日的结果是一步步走过来的,而非偶然发生。
What is the impact?
Many people might assume that since Suning.com has been spun off from the Suning group, with Suning Holding holding .% and Suning Appliance Group holding .%—relatively low stakes—the bankruptcy of Suning’s companies would have little impact on Suning.com. However, the reality is likely more complicated. As seen in past events—rescuing Suning was not without cost. The bankruptcy restructuring of Suning’s companies, regardless of the level of financial attention it attracts, will come at a significant price. Who will bear this cost? Naturally, Zhang Jindong, the largest shareholder. Looking at Suning.com’s ownership structure, aside from Suning Holding + Suning Appliance Group’s combined .% + .%, Zhang Jindong and his affiliates still hold a substantial .% stake. Would fluctuations in this portion not affect Suning.com? On another note, Suning.com’s turnaround remains fragile at its core. While its 2023 net profit reached 3.2 to 4.5 billion yuan, a marked improvement from the -16.2 billion yuan in 2022, after excluding non-recurring gains and losses, Suning.com still reported a loss of 4 to 4.5 billion yuan. Moreover, the turnaround was partly due to the government’s home appliance trade-in subsidy policy in Q4 2023, which boosted Suning.com’s in-store sales by .% year-on-year—giving the impression of a year-end sprint rather than sustainable profitability. From this perspective, the bankruptcy restructuring of Suning’s companies will inevitably impact Suning.com, regardless of whether its future outlook is bullish or bearish. Similarly, whether Suning.com or the restructured Suning faces positive or negative prospects, the cost of Suning’s bankruptcy will ultimately fall on Zhang Jindong. In January 2024, Zhang Jindong re-emerged, delivering an inspiring message to employees that felt more like a eulogy for an era—a premature curtain call. As the late Gu Long once lamented: "The hero remains, but his prime has passed."