Ganesha University of Education: Research on Legal and Policy Governance for the Public Interest Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in Indonesia

Key Chapter Title List

1. Introduction
2. Research Methodology
3. Indonesia's Artificial Intelligence Legal Framework
4. Current State of AI Development in Indonesia
5. Comparison of AI Applications in Public Services: Indonesia vs. Other Countries
6. Legal Challenges and Opportunities for Government Responses to AI Development for Good Governance
7. Conclusion
8. References

Document Introduction

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has become a strategic issue in modern state governance, prompting countries to build adaptive legal and policy frameworks. This study focuses on Indonesia, exploring how it regulates AI-based public services through legal and policy tools to achieve the goal of good governance. The report systematically reviews Indonesia's existing legal foundations, national strategies, and implementation challenges in the field of AI governance, and provides a comparative analysis with jurisdictions such as Singapore, the Netherlands, and the European Union. It aims to offer a rigorous academic assessment for understanding the transformation of public governance in the context of emerging technologies.

This study adopts a normative legal research method, with regulatory analysis at its core, supplemented by comparative research. The main subjects of analysis include key Indonesian regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) and the Presidential Regulation on Electronic-Based Government Systems (No. 95/2018), alongside policy documents like the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2020-2045. Data sources encompass laws and regulations, government policy documents, existing academic literature, and international organization reports. Through qualitative descriptive analysis, the study systematically evaluates the gap between policy content and actual implementation.

The research finds that although Indonesia has not yet enacted a dedicated artificial intelligence law, it has laid a foundation for AI governance through a series of regulations. The Electronic Information and Transactions Law provides a legal liability framework for the operation of electronic systems, including AI data processing. The electronic government system promoted by Presidential Regulation No. 95/2018 opens a path for integrating AI to enhance administrative efficiency and transparency. However, the current core policy, the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, remains a form of soft law lacking binding force, resulting in regulatory gaps in areas such as algorithm transparency, ethical impact assessments, and accountability for decision-making errors. The report also notes that Indonesia has made initial progress in applying AI in the public sector, such as deploying chatbots and data analysis systems in immigration, social assistance, and public service consultation, significantly improving service efficiency and reducing costs.

Through cross-country comparison, the report reveals different governance models. While Singapore lacks a unified AI-specific law, it guides AI development through cross-sectoral governance frameworks (such as the Personal Data Protection Commission's AI Governance Framework) and continuously upgraded national AI strategies (e.g., NAIS 2.0). The European Union has introduced the legally binding Artificial Intelligence Act, imposing strict regulations on high-risk AI systems. These experiences provide references for Indonesia, particularly in establishing coordinated AI governance institutions, formulating national AI standards, and balancing innovation with risk control. Finally, the report uses SWOT analysis to summarize Indonesia's internal strengths (e.g., demographic dividend, government support) and weaknesses (e.g., digital divide, human resource shortage), as well as external opportunities (e.g., the One Data Indonesia policy) and threats (e.g., reliance on foreign technology, inconsistent law enforcement) in leveraging AI for good governance.

The report's conclusion emphasizes that Indonesia has demonstrated clear intent and achieved initial results in using AI to enhance governance effectiveness, but key obstacles must be overcome to move towards AI-driven good governance. Future policy priorities should focus on transforming the national strategy into binding law, strengthening inter-departmental coordination, bridging the digital infrastructure gap, and learning from international experience to build a responsible AI governance system aligned with national values (such as Pancasila). This study provides in-depth, authoritative primary analysis and an assessment framework for defense and security analysts, policy researchers, and geopolitical observers interested in Southeast Asian digital governance, AI policy, and international comparisons.